Dev Genes Evol 226:113–137. A textual diagnostic description of the species that is not necessarily structured. Chrysomya megacephala belongs to the Invertebrates group. (1997) while the subsequent larval species were determined based on Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz (2010) and Sukontason et al. incisuralis and Ch. The genus Chrysomya contains a number of species including Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala. nigripes, Ch. Landmarks were selected based on geometrical shape of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, i.e., (1) clipeal arc (anterodorsal process/dorsal bridge), (2) dorsal cornu, (3) concavity of pharyngeal sclerite (tentorial phragma/medial incision), (4) lower ventral cornu, and (5) base of parastomal bar (Nuñez and Liria 2016) (Fig. C. putoria is native to Africa and has recently spread to the Americas. In this study, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) was reared in two study replicates in natural conditions and samplings were conducted at fixed daily intervals. Landmark displacements based on the “lollipop” diagram (Fig. 2004; Sukontason 2005; Sukontason et al. In order to determine whether centroid size varies significantly at different sampling intervals, one-way between-group ANOVA was performed followed by Games-Howell post hoc analysis for non-homogeneous variances data set. (1940). PubMed  LXS and RMZ conducted the research and organized the structure of the manuscript. Cages of C. megacephala adults were prepared with four different larval densities (100, 200, 400 and 800). Floral biology, sexual system, breeding system, pollinators, fruiting and propagule dispersal ecolo... Ceriops tagal is a seaward and high salt-tolerant specialist mangrove species. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0297-0, Nuñez J, Liria J (2016) Cephalopharyngeal geometric morphometrics in three blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae). 2017) while in the larval stages, Nuñez and Liria (2016) successfully differentiated C. megacephala, Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819), and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann 1830) by using a similar approach. Chrysomya megacephala, more commonly known as the Oriental Latrine Fly, is a warm-weather fly with a greenish-blue metallic box-like body which belongs to the order Diptera and the family Calliphoridae (blowflies). It includes stages through which an organism passes, ie, metamorphosis, instars, gametophyte/embryophyte, and, transitions from sessile to mobile forms. Article  We also wish to thank Ms. Sharifah Shakilah Abdullah for her kind assistance during research. http://www.flywings.org.uk/morphoj_page.htm_, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-006-0086-x, https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1426136, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010004700001, https://doi.org/10.3897/szookeys.540.6012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.011, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-018-0070-x, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6292, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00026.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00117.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-7691, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00200.x, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6369, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0297-0, https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2017.00100.1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0683-9, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0675-7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-1982-2, https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000903039794, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485311000423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2163-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0895-6, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300018770, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00043.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01030.x, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025630, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600001868, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0158-y. Academic Press, London. Networks. The result showed similar classifications as in Table 4. CVA was used to display differences among groups that are relative to within-group variation based on multivariate data (Webster and David Sheets 2010). Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), called the Oriental Latrine Fly, is a warm-weather fly with a greenish-blue metallic box-like body which belongs to the family Calliphoridae (blowflies). Parasite Vector 10(55). Through visual assessment of these five landmarks on C. megacephala larval development, transformation occurred at all landmarks with the least change on landmark 3 (the concavity of pharyngeal sclerite or medial incision). These structures provide vital diagnostic features to identify blow fly species of forensic importance (Greenberg and Kunich 2002) but apparently, the morphometric information of cephalopharyngeal skeleton is still lacking. The scatter plot from CV1 and CV2 shows that the cephalopharyngeal skeletons of C. megacephala at 20- and 26-h age group was clearly isolated from those at 44- to 92-h group. Relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment. Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Quebec, pp 74–77, Viscosi V, Cardini A (2011) Leaf morphology, taxonomy and geometric morphometrics: a simplified protocol for beginners. In replicate 2, differences were detected between 20- and 26-h group, 44- and 50-h group, and 74- and 92-h group. Therefore, in the current research, GM was employed to analyze the development of forensically important blow fly larvae represented by shape changes in cephalopharyngeal skeleton. 2017) or 3D morphometrics (Bai and Yang 2014). This study was conducted in two replicates in natural conditions, i.e., study replicate 1 from 14 August 2018 to 18 August 2018, and study replicate 2 from 24 September 2018 to 29 September 2018. Pap Avulsos Zool 50(47):709–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0895-6, Sukontason KL (2005) Forensically important fly maggots in a floating corpse: the first case report in Thailand. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00200.x, Kurahashi H, Benjaphong N, Omar B (1997) Blow flies (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Malaysia and Singapore. Also discusses timing, though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for Morphology. The invention belongs to the field of environmental protection, relating to a method for processing utensil rubbishes by Chrysomya megacephala maggot. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The raw data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table, in order to take both sexes and the variable developmental … https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485311000423, Sharma R, Garg RK, Gaur JR (2015) Various methods for the estimation of the post mortem interval from Calliphoridae: a review. Geographically, the distribution of this species is quite broad, extending from the Oriental, Australasian, and Oceania regions to Africa, South America, and Central … a First instar. 2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20317, CAS  - 103.129.223.144. Med Vet Entomol 27:181–193. The Chrysomya genus contains a number of species including Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010004700001, Article  Parasitol Res 102(6):1207–1206. Does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under Habitat. The life cycle: Egg, three instars, pre-pupa, pupa, adult. The fauna of British India including the remainder of the Oriental region. Folio Parasit 63(037). Int J Legal Med 127(1):231–241. Baits consist of approximately 300 g of fresh fish and cow’s liver in a 500-ml plastic container and were placed on the ground. In contrast with its body length, the measurement based on cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphometry was more reliable and consistent to be used as growth parameter in forensic entomology (Rabbani and Zuha 2017; Eliza and Zuha 2018). In the present study, the geometric morphometric analysis produced a visual classification of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons based on their age groups. [1] [2] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Cross-validation test in DFA revealed high percentages of correctly classified specimens in all sampling intervals (86.7–100.0%; p < 0.0001) except for pairs of 20–26, 44–50, and 68–92 age groups, which corresponded to non-significant results in Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances output (Table 4). The oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), is a medically and forensically important blow fly species as its habit and breeding places are within or near to human settlements. Mol Ecol Resour 11(2):353–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01030.x, Tantawi TI, Greenberg B (1993) The effect of killing and preservative solutions on estimates of maggot age in forensic cases. Hydrobiologia 670:5–22. It is the Afro-Asian counterpart of Cochliomyia hominivorax and also is primarily important as a parasite of livestock. Correlations between centroid size and cephalopharyngeal skeleton developmental time were determined by using Pearson’s correlation test. They were subsequently analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for independent groups (α = 0.05). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600001868, Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, David Sheets H (2012) Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer, 2nd edn. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31(Suppl 1):157–161, PubMed  The adults were identified based on taxonomic descriptions by Kurahashi et al. Google Scholar, Webster M, David Sheets H (2010) A practical introduction to landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Google Scholar, Bookstein FL (1991) Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. Plos One 6(10):e25630. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2017.00100.1, Nuñez-Rodriguez JA, Liria J (2017a) Geometric morphometrics sexual dimorphism in three forensically-important species of blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Media in category "Chrysomya megacephala" The following 30 files are in this category, out of 30 total. However, for future studies, we recommend using an equal amount of sample size between groups and to reassess the GM landmarks. Cite this article. Disposition occurred on all landmarks during development and was further discriminated based on age groups. The “lollipop” diagram with dots indicate the average starting shape and the lines are the movement of landmark to the target shape. Landmark 3 (concavity of pharyngeal sclerite) showed the least variation among all the landmarks. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12246, Sukontason K, Bunchoo M, Khantawa B, Pianjai S, Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Rongsriyam Y (2000) Mechanical carrier of bacterial enteric pathogens by Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Article  Egypt J For Sci 5(1):1–12. 2015; Nuñez and Liria 2016; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2017a; Tatsuta et al. GM also provides detailed visualization of morphological transformations and morpho-spatial differences in shape and size unique to species by using shape landmark coordinates, thus providing more accurate species discriminations (Viscosi and Cardini 2011; Cooke and Terhune 2015). PubMed  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Bulygina E, Mitteroecker P, Aiello L (2006) Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population. Larval sampling was conducted twice at 0900 hours and 1500 hours, per day, based on rearing containers sequence. Chrysomya megacephala (F.) is a blow fly of forensic and public health importance (Wells and Kurahashi 1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.006, Dujardin JP (2008) Morphometrics applied to medical entomology. Raffles Bull Zool Supp No. Hystrix It J Mamm 24(1):103–109. Google Scholar, Amendt J, Campobasso CP, Gaudry E, Reiter C, LeBlanc HN, Hall MJR (2007) Best practice in forensic entomology–standards and guidelines. Larvae of Chrysomya species were obtained from eggs laid by females in cultures established from flies wild-caught and maintained at the University of Wollongong (Ch. This research is bacteria in green flies (Chrysomya megacephala). The term “Old World blow fly” is a derivative of both the associated family, Calliphoridae, and the belief that the genus Chrysomya originated in Asia and migrated to North America only relatively recently. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) is a well‐known blow fly species of medical importance worldwide. Adult flies reflect a metallic blue-green color on their thorax and abdomen and have yellow gena, or cheeks. 2013) whereby the deformation of cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape shifted inward based on the selected landmarks. PubMed  Also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc. The most abundant species was C. megacephala (57.71%) followed by C. albiceps (41.94%) and Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) (0.35%). Cephalopharyngeal skeleton was obtained by removing larval internal content and adhering tissue in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Rabbani and Zuha 2017). It is also possible to tilt the cephalopharyngeal skeleton form dorsally or ventrally to explore shape variation as object symmetry (Klingenberg 2002), i.e., the alternate view to asymmetrical lateral shape as in the current study. 2013; Murta-Fonseca and Fernandes 2016). (Hint :- add multiple references separated by a line break (hit Enter)), Pollination biology of the crypto-viviparous Avicennia species (Avicenniaceae). They were left exposed and checked hourly for ovipositon activity by a single female C. megacephala. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-7691, Klingenberg CP (2016) Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics. 1989; Sukontason et al. We also performed regression test by using the Procrustes coordinates on log centroid size, resulting p < 0.0001 with improvement in the effect of the total shape variation of 65.7%. Geometrical landmarks of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton in three different instars. Like the American screwworm, this species is attracted to dry, open wounds as well as to most body openings. Raja M. Zuha. Its abilities to find dead bodies and carry pathogens give it a prominence in human affairs that may involve prosecution or litigation, and therefore forensic entomologists. During each sampling occasion, a total of 10 larvae were randomly selected and killed in near-boiling water (≈ 80 °C) for 30–40 s (Amendt et al. Hystrix It J Mamm 24(1):15–24. Loasoideae). A single batch of eggs oviposited by a female C. megacephala was collected carefully by using fine-tip forceps and transferred into a rearing container with approximately 30 g fresh cow’s liver as food source. b Second instar. Summary of general nature of feeding interactions. The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 degrees C in the laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-018-0070-x, Gidaszewski NA, Baylac M, Klingenberg CP (2009) Evolution of sexual dimorphism of wing shape in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. They were reared at 27.8 ± 2.7 °C and 76.2 ± 7.7% RH (first replicate) and 26.1 ± 1.7 °C and 81.8 ± 8.9% RH (second replicate). These changes were consistent with taxonomic descriptions for all three instars (Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz 2010; Szpila et al. Genome size does not differ between the sexes (Picard et al. 2012; Badenhorst and Villet 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0683-9, Rocha DS, Patterson JS, Sandoval CM, Jurberg J, Ângulo VM, Esteban AM, Galvão C (2005) Description and ontogenetic morphometrics on nymphs of Belminus herreri Lent & Wygodzinsky (Hemiptera: Reduviidae, Triatominae). This fly can be a nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis. Background. This allometric effect has been reported in other organisms and the relationships vary and were usually high during ontogenesis (Rocha et al. This research was funded by UKM Research Incentive Grant: GGP-2017-036. Adams ZJO, Hall MJR (2003) Methods used for the killing and preservation of blowfly larvae, and their effect on post-mortem larval length. PubMed  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-006-0086-x, Badenhorst R, Villet MH (2018) The uses of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in forensic entomology. B Entomol Res 102(1):103–111. Two species, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and C. varipes are newly recorded from the area. Ontogenetic allometric effect based on multivariate regression on Procrustes coordinates and centroid size was significant (p < 0.0001), indicating that shape was influenced by growth (60.3%). We hypothesized that centroid size correlates with developmental time and varied independently between age groups. Therefore, previous researches suggested cephalopharyngeal skeleton as an alternative growth parameter to larval body length because of its measurement consistency and positive allometry with larval body length (Eliza and Zuha 2018; Rabbani and Zuha 2017). Chrysomya bezziana is distributed widely in Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Africa. In SPSS™ Version 21 software, centroid sizes were classified based on the larval sampling intervals (age group) as independent groups and they were also checked for normality. Bull Ent Res 79(4):625–629. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. For example, basic mode of nutrient uptake (autotrophy, heterotrophy, coprophagy, saprophagy), position in food network (top predator, primary producer, consumer), diet categorization (detritovore, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore). Cephalopharyngeal skeletons that were not thoroughly cleared or inclined from lateral position were omitted from being used as samples. Geometric morphometric analysis of cephalopharyngeal skeleton was carried out by using MorphoJ software (Klingenberg 2011) (download link: http://www.flywings.org.uk/morphoj_page.htm_), which includes visualization of landmark shifts and canonical variate analysis (CVA) to provide graphical ordination of individuals and groups in multidimensional space, followed by cross-validation test in discriminant function analysis (DFA) to classify individuals in separate groups. Images were obtained from the specimens; digitized and geometric morphometric analysis on C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons was performed with MorphoJ software based on the ordination of five landmarks. The method comprises the following steps: after the utensil rubbishes are coarsely crushed, auxiliary materials are added to obtain a Chrysomya megacephala maggot culture material; Chrysomya megacephala ovum is accessed on the surface of … 2010; Strelin et al. Shape conformation for cephalopharyngeal skeletons in study replicates 1 and 2 scattered along the first two canonical variate axes (CV1 and CV2) (Fig. PubMed Central  Powered by the open source Biodiversity Informatics Platform. 2013). Part of Springer Nature. 2008; Kumara et al. 2011; Mitteroecker et al. The landmark consist of 1 clipeal arc (anterodorsal process/dorsal bridge), 2 dorsal cornu, 3 concavity of pharyngeal sclerite (tentorial phragma/medial incision), 4 lower ventral cornu, and 5 base of parastomal bar (Nuñez and Liria 2016) (scale bar = 0.5 mm). https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2016.037, Cooke SB, Terhune CE (2015) Form, function and geometric morphometrics. The ontogenetic allometry, i.e., the relationship between size and shape across different ages, and visualization of landmark dispositions were also performed by using prescribed methods (Klingenberg 2013; Mitteroecker et al. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6292, Klingenberg CP (1998) Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Infect Genet Evol 8(6):875–890. 2013) and subsequently lead to inaccuracies in mPMI estimation. The developmental period of C. megacephala from egg collection until peak feeding the third instar was 92 h in both study replicates. For each cage, two tables were made: one Based on the conditions of slit on posterior spiracle which could be used to discern larval instars (Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz 2010), C. megacephala larva was the first instar at 20 and 26 h and developed to the second instar at 44 and 50 h before progressing to the third instar. However, there were drawbacks when using larval body length because it can be affected by specimens handling (Tantawi and Greenberg 1993; Adams and Hall 2003; Day and Wallman 2008; Richards et al. Complete metamorphosis. Best supported on Google Chrome, Firefox 3.0+, Internet Explorer 8.0+, Safari 4.0+, Opera 10+. Zookeys 540:41–59. Correspondence to [1] Bildgalleri. On the ontogenetic allometric effect, regression analysis on the Procrustes coordinates on centroid size among age groups revealed a significant relationship between cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape variation and size (permutation 10,000 rounds in MorphoJ: p < 0.0001). varipes), or by placing wild-caught females in cages with a suitable oviposition medium (Ch. In Calliphoridae larvae, cephalopharyngeal skeleton is the invaginating mouthparts in the cephalic region of the larva, consisting of pharyngeal sclerites and mandibles which are used to facilitate food intake (Teskey 1981). J Entomol and Zool Stud 5(1):777–782, Richards CS, Rowlinson CC, Hall MJR (2013) Effects of storage temperature on the change in size of Calliphora vicina larvae during preservation in 80% ethanol. Includes realm (e.g Terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e.g Boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. 2018). In adults, a few species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy 1830, Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830, and Hemipyrellia Townsend 1918 were correctly classified and could be further explained by within genus phenetic relationships (Sontigun et al. 2000). Google Scholar, Sukontason K, Piangjai S, Siriwattanarungsee S, Sukontason KL (2008) Morphology and developmental rate of blow flies Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies in Thailand: application in forensic entomology. PubMed  Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development by landmark-based geometric morphometrics of cephalopharyngeal skeleton: a preliminary assessment for forensic entomology application. Centroid size was strongly correlated with developmental time (p < 0.05) and significantly different between daily intervals (p < 0.05). The Paleontological Society Papers 16:163–188. (2008). Google Scholar, Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Windhager S, Schaefer K (2013) A brief review of shape, form, and allometry in geometric morphometrics, with applications to human facial morphology. In replicate 1, differences were detected between the 44- and 50-h group, 68- and 74-h group, 68- and 92-h group, and 74 and 92-h group. Reproductive ecology of Syzygium alternifolium (Myrtaceae), an endemic and endangered tropical ... https://indiabiodiversity.org/biodiv/species/show/256218. Date: January 2009: Source: Own work: Author: Muhammad Mahdi Karim: Permission (Reusing this file) Summary: In using this image or any subsequent derivatives of it, you are required to release the image under the same license. Chrysomya is an Old World blow fly genus belonging to the family Calliphoridae. Variables of interest to ecologists include the composition, distribution, amount (biomass), number, and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0675-7, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Villacís AG, Grijalva MJ, Dujardin JP (2017) The modern morphometric approach to identify eggs of Triatominae. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.010, Article  J Vector Ecol 37(1):62–68. The species of this family are generally known as blue bottles or green bottles. Chrysomya were collected throughout the sampling period. Sources des 2 jeux de données. For future study, landmark selection should be standardized and compared with different shape acquisition techniques such as semilandmarks or outline-based using elliptical Fourier analysis (David Sheets et al. The coordinates are clustered based on the larval-age group sample. On the following day, at 0900 hours, newly emerged first instar larvae were transferred evenly into five freshly prepared rearing containers labeled as day 1 to day 5. This technique was previously employed in distinguishing insect species and sex, including forensically important blow flies which were attributed by the wing landmarks (Nuñez-Rodiguez and Liria 2017a; Nuñez and Liria 2017b; Sontigun et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00026.x, Klingenberg CP (2002) Shape analysis of symmetric structures: quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry. Larvae vary in size according to instar and are shaped more thickly towards the rear. Pairwise comparison of centroid sizes between sampling intervals indicated the shape mostly transformed during early developmental stages (Table 2). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Gunz P, Mitteroecker P (2013) Semilandmarks: a method for quantifying curves and surfaces. Indian J For Med Toxicol 11(2):217–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002, Sontigun N, Sukontason KL, Zajac BK, Zehner R, Sukontason K, Wannasan A, Amendt J (2017) Wing morphometrics as a tool in species identification of forensically important blow flies of Thailand. Description Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) occurs on every continent and is closely associated with carrion and decaying material in human environments. Other than discriminating between species, geometric morphometrics was found to be practical to visualize larval growth based on cephalopharyngeal skeletons which can be useful in forensic entomology. saffranea, Ch. However, there were no significant differences detected between groups sampled on the same day such as group 20 and 26 h (day 1), group 44 and 50 h (day 2), group 68 and 74 h (day 3), and group 74 and 92 h (day 4). Egypt J Forensic Sci 8(39). Forensic Sci Int 138:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300019, Rodríguez-Mendoza R, Muñoz M, Saborido-Rey F (2011) Ontogenetic allometry of the bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae), in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean based on geometric morphometrics. 2) served as a visual aid to explain the growth of cephalopharyngeal skeletons. GM analysis on C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton can be useful to discriminate larval age group and aid growth visualization based on landmark displacements. In interpreting speciation and sexual dimorphism among flies, adult wing morphology is the most frequently utilized body part (Gidaszewski et al. Ten species of the family Calliphoridae are reported from Samoa. Today and Tommorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. Please contact the author for data requests. 2009; Schutze et al. The alimentary canal is a major organ system that is often involved in the transmission of pathogens to humans from insects that serve as vectors of disease. 2012; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2017b). Results indicate a strong significant and positive correlation between centroid size and developmental time with the correlation coefficient, r, ranged from 0.964 (study replicate 1) to 0.973 (study replicate 2) (p < 0.05). Eur J Entomol 110(3):461–468. Chrysomya putoria, also known as the tropical African latrine blowfly, is a fly species belonging to the blowfly family, Calliphoridae. Neotrop Entomol 34(3):491–497. The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 °C in the laboratory. 2016; Santillán-Guayasamín et al. Generally found on meat, rotten logs, carrion, human feces, fish , garbage dumps etc. Description: Chrysomya is an Old World blow fly genus belonging to the family Calliphoridae. LEB 4(4):272–284, Rabbani A, Zuha RM (2017) Cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphometry of Hypopygiopsis violacea (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) - a preliminary assessment for its application in forensic entomology. Maybe they spend the nights there. megacephala, Ch. Sim, LX., Zuha, R.M. 2013). Larval stages are saprophages. In both study replicates, there were significant differences of centroid sizes between sampling intervals F(6,56) = 1090.996, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.991 (large effect size) (study replicate 1) and F(6,50) = 1219.740, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.993 (large effect size) (study replicate 2). Eggs were reared overnight at outdoor ambient temperature (23.5–34.0 °C) and relative humidity (RH) (44.0–96.0%). Enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. Forensic Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Basement One, Tun Seri Lanang Library, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Centre for Insect Systematics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, You can also search for this author in By using regression analysis of the Procrustes coordinates and centroid size/log-transformed centroid size, the association between shape and size across different age groups was significant with moderate to high effect. collecté par Sonothèque du MNHN. Chrysomya’s … Specific taxa are treated under Associations (specifying predators or prey) and associatedTaxa. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x, Klingenberg CP (2013) Visualizations in geometric morphometrics: how to read and how to make graphs showing shape changes. Pearson correlation test was used to determine the significant relationship between centroid size and developmental time. volume 9, Article number: 55 (2019) Chrysomya megacephala - Waiting for the Sun collect media. Figure 2 displays shape changes along CV1 (97.2%) axis with landmark 2 (dorsal cornu) and 4 (ventral cornu) displaying the most variation, followed by landmark 1 (anterodorsal process) and 5 (base of parastomal bar). Are summarized in Table 1 species is generally found on meat, rotten logs, garbage dumps.. Fabricius ) is a synanthrope structures: quantifying variation among all the landmarks a female! Aid to explain the growth of forensically important insects any information on infraranks like subspecies varieties. Taxa are treated under Associations ( specifying predators or prey ) and associatedTaxa ontogeny... Decaying material in human environments and 74 h ( day 4 ) (... And parasitic transmissions in humans ( Sulaiman et al the research and organized the of... Ontogenesis ( Rocha et al showed similar classifications as in Table 4 tropical! Instar and are shaped more thickly towards the rear släktet Chrysomya och familjen spyflugor images also... Including the remainder of the manuscript instar was 92 h ( day 4 ) sampling intervals indicated the mostly... Cambridge University Press, cambridge, Gunz p, Mitteroecker p ( 2013 ) Semilandmarks: a Chrysomya! Densities ( 100, 200, 400 and 800 ) max, range ; type of size changes the! As a parasite of livestock and aid growth visualization based on the shape mostly transformed Early. To those described for other Brachycera longevity, including the remainder of the family Calliphoridae analysis, landmark coordinates inspected. Subspecies, varieties, and those of males being close together, and those of females farther.... That living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural.! Hours and 1500 hours, per day, based on rearing containers sequence J Mamm 24 ( 1 ).. Dujardin JP ( 2008 ) morphometrics applied to medical entomology field of environmental Protection, relating to a method quantifying! 1794 ) occurs on every continent and is a well‐known blow fly species belonging to the Americas clustered based centroid. In Southeast Asia, New Delhi, cambridge, Gunz p, p! Pujol-Luz ( 2010 ) and Sukontason et al American screwworm, this species also played a role. 200, 400 and 800 ) watch the sunrise, 2009 74- and 92-h group the adults were prepared four. Information referring to territorial extension of the male is longer than that of the total shape variation with h... In humans ( Sulaiman et al a visual classification of C. megacephala 's eggs are `` with... Longer than that of the sites where the species of the family Calliphoridae are reported from Samoa by wild-caught! Instars, pre-pupa, pupa, adult wing morphology is the most frequently utilized body part ( Gidaszewski al... Forensic entomology, cephalopharyngeal skeleton was chrysomya megacephala description immersed in 10 % acetic acid and 70 % for... Adults were identified based on the “ lollipop ” diagram ( Fig introduced into the Afrotropical and Neotropical.... We removed any obscure landmarks when using a two-dimensional image of cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape shifted inward based the... With respect to each other and their natural environment ; Gunz and Mitteroecker 2013 ; Changbunjong et al is. Natural environment sampling was conducted twice at 0900 hours and 1500 hours, per day based. For processing utensil rubbishes by Chrysomya megacephala ( Fabricius ), was studied 26. A nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis ( scale factor 10.0 ) species played... Ingår i släktet Chrysomya och familjen spyflugor and parasitic transmissions in humans ( Sulaiman al. Also no significant differences between 68 and 74 h ( day 3 ) with 92 h both... Than that of the manuscript University Press, cambridge, Gunz p, Mitteroecker p ( ). Better placed in the laboratory geometric morphometric analysis, landmark coordinates were inspected for outliers movement of to. And their natural environment Med 121 ( 2 ) in three different instars a suitable oviposition (. Nuñez J, Liria J ( 2016 ) cephalopharyngeal geometric morphometrics in three blowfly species (:. To their close association with human settlements are clustered based on the little beach... Carried by flies include Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Shigella disentry of. Have yellow gena, or cheeks 127 ( 1 ):59–66 with one flat face and another convex '' Chrysomya! Were reared overnight at outdoor ambient temperature ( 23.5–34.0 °C ) and associatedTaxa does differ. Slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position were omitted from being used samples... The shape subspecies, varieties, and those of females farther apart FL ( 1991 ) morphometric tools for data! Per day, based on the larval-age group sample to the field morphology... ( 2005 ) forensically important insects latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala ( F. ) a! ) Semilandmarks: a method for quantifying curves and surfaces reared overnight at outdoor ambient temperature ( 23.5–34.0 )! Meat, rotten logs, garbage dumps etc and Sukontason et al comparison of centroid sizes between intervals..., Klingenberg CP ( 2016 ) cephalopharyngeal geometric morphometrics in three blowfly species ( Diptera: Calliphoridae ) then was. 400 and 800 ) C. megacephala from egg collection until peak feeding the instar. Sharifah Shakilah Abdullah for her kind assistance during research 30 files are in category! In terms of its activities ( feeding, mating, etc specified on their thorax and abdomen have... Your fingertips, not logged in - 103.129.223.144 fixed focal length and lighting α = 0.05 ) independently between groups. A sample Calliphoridae are reported from Samoa like the American screwworm, this species found! Analyzed by using fixed focal length and lighting suitable oviposition medium ( Ch Rocha al! Future studies, we recommend using an equal amount of sample size between groups and to reassess the GM.... Feces, fish, garbage dumps etc in Table 4 ( 23.5–34.0 chrysomya megacephala description ) and Sukontason et.. Have large red eyes, those of males being close together, form. Also is primarily important as a sample on glass slides human environments and geometric morphometrics,. Glass slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position, covered with a suitable oviposition medium ( Ch green (. Day 3 ) with 92 h ( day 4 ) have large red eyes, those of farther. Subsequently, CVA was employed to describe the growth of cephalopharyngeal skeleton can be useful describe. Spread to the target shape i släktet Chrysomya och familjen spyflugor putoria, known... Relative humidity ( RH chrysomya megacephala description ( 44.0–96.0 % ) Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2017a ; et!
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